Later, also Descartes studied the phenomenon using a Florence flask. [60] Tiny plastic or glass marbles may be used in road marking as a reflectors to enhance its visibility by drivers at night. [62] According to Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser, "Despite its many flaws and its appeal to Pythagorean numerology, Aristotle's qualitative explanation showed an inventiveness and relative consistency that was unmatched for centuries. In case of the latter, the rainbow is referred to as a lunar rainbow or moonbow. Pictures and Raytracings under "Alexander's dark band (or bright band? Further scattering may occur due to the rain, and the result can be the rare and dramatic monochrome or red rainbow. In certain circumstances, one or several narrow, faintly coloured bands can be seen bordering the violet edge of a rainbow; i.e., inside the primary bow or, much more rarely, outside the secondary. The secondary rainbow is about 10° further out from the antisolar point than the primary bow, is about twice as wide, and has its colors reversed. A secondary rainbow is seen as a result of two refractions and two total internal reflections. [2][b][9] Newton chose to divide the visible spectrum into seven colours out of a belief derived from the beliefs of the ancient Greek sophists, who thought there was a connection between the colours, the musical notes, the known objects in the Solar System, and the days of the week.
The colour pattern of a rainbow is different from a spectrum, and the colours are less saturated. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater angle than red light, but due to the reflection of light rays from the back of the droplet, the blue light emerges from the droplet at a smaller angle to the original incident white light ray than the red light. "[63], In Book I of Naturales Quaestiones (c. 65 AD), the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger discusses various theories of the formation of rainbows extensively, including those of Aristotle. Due to the finite wall thickness and the macroscopic character of the artificial raindrop, several subtle differences exist as compared to the natural phenomenon,[84][85] including slightly changed rainbow angles and a splitting of the rainbow orders. Secondary rainbows are caused by a double reflection of sunlight inside the water droplets. The secondary rainbow is about 10° further out from the antisolar point than the pimary bow, is about twice as wide, and has its colors reversed. The full spectrum is present, however, but the human eye is not normally sensitive enough to see the colours. This phenomenon can be confused with the glory phenomenon, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5–20°. Such large droplets are suggested by the rainbow at right. (Photo by Dubby Waggoner, used by permission.). The term double rainbow is used when both the primary and secondary rainbows are visible.
[61] One can easily reproduce such phenomena by sprinkling liquids of different refractive indices in the air, as illustrated in the photo. [44], For these reasons, naturally occurring rainbows of an order higher than 2 are rarely visible to the naked eye. It is difficult to photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require an angle of view of 84°. Now that software for stitching several images into a panorama is available, images of the entire arc and even secondary arcs can be created fairly easily from a series of overlapping frames.
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