\pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx4723\posy11452\absw4396\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-254\ql{\f2\fs20 THE MIDDLE PHASE: "BAD BLOOD"\par}\fi0\sb0\sl-254\ql{\f2\fs20 The Tuskegee study was hardly a mudel of scientific research or scientific method; and even on its own\par}\pard How did the U.S. army respond to syphilis in World War I? "I8 The first author listed on the monograph is William J. {\title OCR Document} He presented the suit as an issue of race, suing only the federal government and omitting the Tuskegee Institute, Rivers, the Tuskegee hospitals, and the Macon County Medical Society.\par}\fi268\sb0\sl-235\qj{\f2\fs20 Ev~ntually, the Justice Department decided that it couldn't win the suit in federal court, since the trail would have been held in nearby Montgomery, in the court of Frank Johnson, a liberal Alabama judge who had desegregated southern schools and upgraded men\-\f2\fs22 tal institutions. {\sect}\sectd (Originally, there was also a third group, consisting of 275 syphilitic men who had been treated with small amounts of arsphenamine; these subjects were fol\-lowed for a while but were dropped from the study in 1936-perhaps because funds were lacking, or per\-haps because the researchers were by then interested only in the "study in nature" group. \pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx8635\posy38\absw436\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-230\qj{\f2\fs24 399\par} \pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx0\posy0\absw4440\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-240\qj{\f2\fs20 giving out condoms was controversial; and later dur\-ing World War n, when giving out penicillin was at issue. Two different groups were involved. In a practice of sixteen years in the South, I have never examined a virgin over fourteen years of age.
Q. The society then acknowledged that it had agreed to continuation of the study but had not agreed to withhold treatment from subjects who came to the offices of its members, whereupon USPHS doc\-umented the physicians' agreement to do exactly that.\par}
Kennedy strongly condemned the study and proposed new regulations for medical experimentation.\par}\fi244\sb0\sl-235\qj{\f2\fs20 In April 1973 , the investigatory panel that had been commissioned when the Tuskegee story broke finally issued its report, which did not prove to be very use\-ful. How is the disease spread? For a century before the Tuskegee study, medicine considered it crucially im\-portant to discover the natural history of a disease and therefore relied extensively on studies in nature.\par}\pard A 1967 book by Pappworth (Human Guinea Pigs) and a 1959 book by Beecher (Experimentation in Man) documented numerous violations of ethical principles and subjects' rights in a range of experimental studies.
After a few months, he learned of the Tuskegee study and began to question and criticize the USPHS officials who were still run\-ning it.16 By this time, the physicians supervising the study and its data collection had been moved to the newly created Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in\par}\pard \pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx4675\posy4598\absw4401\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-240\qj{\f2\fs20 The "special treatment" mentioned was simply the spinal tap for neurosyphilis, a diagnostic test. By September 1988, the government had paid $7.5 million for medical care for Tuskegee subjects. \pgwsxn12242\pghsxn15842\marglsxn720\margtsxn720{\fs10\par} Were the health professionals who were involved in the Tuskegee study adhering to this dictum? It noted specifically that the study consisted of "399 syphilitic Negro males who had never received \f2\fs16 treatment." David Tase, ''Tuskegee Syphilis Victims, Kin May Get $1.7 Million in Fiscal 1989," Associated Press, September 11, 1988.\par}\pard}. You will now be given your last chance to get a second examination. 2, SEATIC Psychological Warfare Bulletin No.
Members of the campaign emphasized that syphilis was spread by prostitutes, and held that it was rapidly fatal; as an al\-ternative to visiting a prostitute, they advocated clean, active sports (in today's terms, "Just say no"). \pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx4\posy1642\absw4425\ri3734\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-192\qj{\f2\fs20 NOTES\par}\ri0\fi297\sb0\sl-192\qj{\f2\fs14 1. "\par}\fi259\sb0\sl-240\qj{\f2\fs20 Heller's story had an immediate effect. After reading all the passages, they will write a formal paragraph that asserts and defends their claim as to what role she played in the experiment. What social and political changes have taken place in American society in the past few decades that make it unlikely that such a study could be published today and not be widely criticized? . Ibid.\par}\fi0\sb0\sl-201\ql{\f2\fs14 12. 1,8.\par}\ri0\li249\fi0\sb0\sl-201\ql{\f2\fs14 20. During all that time, no one raised objections to the study. R. H. Kampmeier, "The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis" (editorial), \i Southern Medical Journal.
Student Art Exchange Program between Chiba and S.F.
\pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx0\posy489\absw4420\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-240\qj{\f2\fs20 subjects who had had syphilis for more than 20 years, 73 percent were asymptomatic.\par}\fi240\sb0\sl-240\qj{\f2\fs20 Bruusgaard's findings contradicted the message of the syphilophobia campaign: they indicated that syphilis was not universally fatal, much less rapidly so. If the teacher does explain to students what a fistula is, they may want to also mention that one half of the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize went to Denis Mukwege, who performs this surgery on Congolese women who were gang-raped in the Congolese civil war. \pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx4718\posy9638\absw3988\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-196\qj{\f2\fs20 DEVELOPMENT OF THE TUSKEGEE CASE\par}
\pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx6384\posy38\absw1828\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-163\qj{\f2\fs18 GREGORY E. PENCE\par}
The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) believed that a study in na\-ture of syphilis was necessary because physicians needed to know its natural sequence of symptoms and final outcomes in order to recognize key changes dur\-ing its course. Bad Blood, James H. Jones, Free Press, New York, 1981.
To determine the progress of the disease, spinal punctures (called \i taps) \i0 were given to 271 of the 399 syphilitic subjects. "l2\par} Harm is an important concept in the medical world. Classic Cases in Medical Ethics, Gregory Pence, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 253-276, 2000. Brown had been on the CDC panel in 1969 (when the monograph was probably written) and had argued for continuing the\par} He writes, "There can be little doubt that the Tuskegee researchers regarded their subjects as less than human.
}
The sur\-geon general suggested that they should be merely observed rather than treated: this decision would be\-come a moral crux of the study.\par}\fi244\sb0\sl-240\qj{\f2\fs20 It is important to reemphasize that the USPHS re\-search-it was undertaken in cooperation with the Tuskegee Institute and is called the \i Tuskegee study \i0 for that reason-was a study in nature. 1247-51.\par}\ri0\li0\fi331\sb0\sl-192\qj{\f2\fs14 5. Why are they done? A. What stigmas are associated with venereal diseases?
The "federal doctors," as the subjects called them, returned only every few years. } How often do they lead to serious side effects?
Jones, op. Then the disease becomes latent for many years, after which it may reappear with a variety of symptoms in the nervous or circula\-tory systems. These physicians did not object to the study; in\par}\ri0\fi0\sb0\sl-235\qj{\f2\fs20 fact, they were given a list of all the subjects and agreed not to give antibiotics to any subjects for any condition, if a subject came to one of their offices. "\par}\fi-148\sb0\sl-240\qj{\f2\fs20 . USPHS sent the sub\-jects the following letter, under the imposing letter\-head "Macon County Health Department," with the subheading "Alabama State Board of Health and U.S. Public Health Service Cooperating with Tuskegee In\-stitute" (all of which participated in the study):\par}
\pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx6403\posy38\absw1828\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-163\qj{\f2\fs18 GREGORY E. PENCE\par} Ehrlich called this \i salvarsan \i0 and patented it; the generic name is arsphenamine? In fact, during World War \b II, \b0 the re\-searchers contacted the local draft board and pre\-vented any eligible subject from being drafted-and hence from being treated for syphilis by the armed services. Boeck, a professor of dermatology at the Uni\-versity of Oslo, believed that heavy metals removed only the symptoms of syphilis rather than its under\-lying cause; he also thought that these metals sup\-pressed what is today recognized as the immune sys\-\par}\ri0\fi0\sb0\sl-235\qj{\f2\fs20 tem. 63, Augnst 8, 1914, p. 463.\par} \pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx4651\posy480\absw4454\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-235\qj{\f2\fs20 and finally discovered what seemed to be a "magic bullet" against it: combination 606 of heavy metals including arsenic.
\b In \b0 a spinal tap, a lO-inch needle is inserted between two vertebrae into the cerebrospinal fluid and a small amount of fluid is withdrawn-a delicate and uncomfortable process. How did participation in the study alter their lives and health?
Syphilis is, classically, described in three stages:\par}\ri0\li417\fi-163\sb96\sl-240\qj{\f2\fs52 . The southern African American electorate had been instrumental in electing these two senators and many southern members of Congress in the\par}\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-240\qj{\f2\fs12 . \pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx6394\posy43\absw1828\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-163\qj{\f2\fs18 GREGORY E. PENCE\par} He showed the report to his boss and said he planned to send it to William Brown, the head of the Venereal Disease Section of the Public Health Service. \i0 (Rowman & Littlefield) and has taught for twenty-three years at the University of Alabama at Birming\-\par}\ri0\fi0\sb0\sl-220\ql{\f2\fs18 ham, where he is a Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the School of Medicine. Teachers can have students read the excerpts independently, in small groups, or as a whole class. After your students have read the article have them answer the following questions: What happened to the statue of J. Marion Sims in New York City? (The report was supposed to be ready by December 31, 1972; as we will see, however, it was late. It may be difficult for students to grasp the importance of this surgery if students do not understand what it is or it’s import. \pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx9523\posy0\absw168\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-81\qj{\f2\fs18 '.,\par} Spend 5-10 minutes teaching students about the history, causes, purpose, consequences, and significance about Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment.
Physicians involved in the Tuskegee study stood by as their research subjects suffered from the devastating effects of syphilis. Names of the subjects were not housed at anyone location or facility.
{\*\company I.R.I.S.} A. A research study under the IRB would not allow intentional harm to a human subject unlike in the Tuskegee study. For this reason, the physicians offered induce\-ments: free transportation, free hot lunches, free med\-icine for any disease other than syphilis, and free burials. Racism has broad consequences and adversely affects the health and well-being of Black men, women, and children. . Victims who suffered this inevitable progress included Cleopatra, King Herod of Judea, Charlemagne, Henry VIll of En\-gland, Napoleon Bonaparte, Frederick the Great, Pope Sixtus IV, Pope Alexander VI, Pope Julius II, Cather\-\par} J. E. Bruusgaard, "Uber das Schicksal der nicht spezifisch behandelten Luetiker" ("Fate of Syphilitics Who Are Not Given Specific Treattnent") \i Archives of Dermatology of Syphilis, \i0 vol.
\i0 vol. Ibid.\par}\fi0\sb0\sl-201\ql{\f2\fs14 11. \pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx134\posy331\absw681\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-220\qj{\f2\fs18 400\par}
\pard\phmrg\pvmrg\posx6398\posy38\absw1828\ri0\li0\fi0\sb0\sl-158\qj{\f2\fs18 GREGORY E. PENCE\par} (It bears repeating that this is a miscon\-ception and misapplication of Darwin's actual theory.) Brown et al., \i Syphilis and Other Venereal Diseases,\par}\li14\fi0\sb0\sl-201\ql{\f2\fs14 Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1970, p. 34.\par}\fi268\sb0\sl-201\ql{\f2\fs14 19.
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